Teratogenic effect of hydrosalpinx fluid in humans?
نویسندگان
چکیده
We read with great interest the manuscript by Chan et al. (2003) examining the teratogenicity of hydrosalpinx ¯uid (HF) using a whole rate embryo culture model. Mechanisms of HF formation and its effects on IVF and embryo transfer outcome have been recently reviewed (Ajonuma et al., 2002). Previous studies were conducted during early embryo development when HF that re¯uxed into the uterine cavity may have had direct contact with the developing embryo. We fully agree that it is also important to look at the HF effects on the later part of fetal development, but the method adopted by Chan et al. (2003) may not be applicable to the scenario in utero. During in-vivo development, the fetus does not have direct contact with the uterine environment even in the event of HF retrograde spillage, as it is directly cushioned by the amniotic ¯uid, surrounded by the amniotic membrane and the chorionic membrane. It is not clear in the article by Chan et al. (2003) whether the amniotic membrane had been ruptured prior to in-vitro culture of embryos. If the amniotic membrane had been ruptured, the fetus would be exposed to a very high concentration of HF, which would be markedly different from the in-vivo scenario. Even if the amniotic membrane was not ruptured, it is still dif®cult to extrapolate the results to the situation in humans. Embryos were selected from those rats at gestational day 9.5, which is about half the gestation period in rats, but by that time organogenesis would be fully completed in humans. In humans, the amniotic cavity, yolk sac and chorionic membranes start to form by the second week of gestation. Somites start by the third week, and by the ®fth week 42±44 pairs of somites have been completed; however, this is not the situation in rats. Results of our study on the effects of HF were also incorrectly interpreted by Chan et al. (2003), who quoted that only three of 15 HF samples demonstrated toxicity towards sperm. We actually reported that three out of 15 HF samples had survival indices >85%, i.e. non-toxic to sperm (Ng et al., 2000). (2002) New insights into the mechanisms underlying hydrosalpinx ¯uid formation and its adverse effects on IVF outcome. A study of teratogenicity of hydrosalpinx ¯uid using a whole rate embryo culture mode. Adverse effects of hydrosalpinx ¯uid on sperm motility and survival. Hum.
منابع مشابه
A study of teratogenicity of hydrosalpinx fluid using a whole rat embryo culture model.
BACKGROUND Hydrosalpinx fluid may be toxic to sperm and early embryo growth. Information concerning the effect of hydrosalpinx fluid on embryo development during organogenesis is lacking. METHODS Rat embryos at gestational day 9.5 were cultured for 48 h with 80% rat serum and 20% of either hydrosalpinx fluid (study group) or lactated Ringer's solution (control group). Embryos were scored for ...
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Recent studies have suggested that the hydrosalpinx has a negative effect on pregnancy outcome, with markedly diminished implantation and increased early pregnancy loss. Fluid from the hydrosalpinx may leak into and accumulate in the uterine cavity. It is not clear, however if this creates a hostile local environment in the uterus for embryo implantation or exerts a direct embryotoxic effect. T...
متن کاملThe role of hydrosalpinx in IVF: simply mechanical?
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The negative impact of hydrosalpinx on IVF outcome is well recognized but some reports indicate that tubal infertility with hydrosalpinx is a heterogeneous entity and may have different effects on the outcome. The embryotoxic effects of hydrosalpinx fluid (HF) have been documented in mouse but not human embryos. This study examined the effects of HF on sperm motility and survival after various ...
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ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- Human reproduction
دوره 18 10 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2003